A brief history The introduction of a tax on estates in England and Wales in 1796 was the precursor of the Inheritance Tax system we have today. The current system of Inheritance Tax was first introduced in 1986. Inheritance Tax counts for less than 1% of government income. What is Inheritance Tax? Inheritance Tax is levied on a person’s estate when they die and can also be payable during a person’s lifetime on certain trusts and gifts. The rate of Inheritance Tax payable is 40% on death and 20% on lifetime gifts. There is a nil rate band, currently £325,000, below which no Inheritance Tax is payable. There are also a number of reliefs which are covered later in this guide. It is important to note that, other than in the case of very large gifts (above the nil rate band) no Inheritance Tax is payable on gifts made or received during someone’s lifetime. However, on death the executors are required to report on the value of taxable gifts made by the deceased during the seven year period immediately prior to their death.
* Unused nil rate band can be used by surviving spouse or civil partner Years before death 0-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 % of death charge 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Main exempt lifetime gifts
Inheritance Tax and probate forms It is a legal requirement to complete Inheritance Tax forms as part of the probate process even where no Inheritance Tax is due. The estate must pay some or all of any Inheritance Tax due before a grant of probate can be obtained. Valuing an estate In order to ascertain whether or not Inheritance Tax is due, the executor or personal representative of the deceased must value the deceased's estate. This is done by calculating the total value of the assets and gifts of the deceased and deducting any debts. Payment of Inheritance Tax Inheritance Tax is due six months after the end of the month in which the deceased died. In certain cases it is possible to pay by annual instalments or to make payments later with the addition of interest. Transferable nil rate band In October 2007, it became possible for a surviving spouse or civil partner to receive the benefit of the nil rate band unused on the death of their partner. When the second person dies, their estate is allowed to utilise their own nil rate band plus the remaining proportion of the unused nil rate band from the death of the first partner. This in effect allows for the doubling of the nil rate band for married couples and civil partners and is effective where the second death occurs after 9 October 2007. The changes were widely welcomed when they were announced and removed the need for a large number of trusts which had been put in place to try and achieve a similar outcome. Main Residence Nil-rate Band (RNRB) A new IHT main residence nil-rate band (RNRB) came into effect on 6 April 2017. The RNRB will eventually allow for a £175,000 per person transferable allowance for married couples and civil partners when their main residence is passed down to children after their death. This is in addition to the existing £325,000 IHT threshold. The allowance will initially be for £100,000 from in 2017-18, increasing to £125,000 in 2018-19, £150,000 in 2019-20 and £175,000 in 2020-21. The allowance will be available to the deceased person’s children or grandchildren. There will be a tapered withdrawal of the additional nil-rate band for estates with a net value of more than £2m. This will be at a withdrawal rate of £1 for every £2 over this threshold. The legislative provisions have been drafted to ensure that an estate will be entitled to the RNRB where an individual downsized to a smaller property on or after 8 July 2015. This is the date the measure was first announced. Reliefs and exemptions from Inheritance Tax Donations Business Relief Agricultural property Woodland timber National Heritage Recurring annual gifts out of surplus income Annual gifts out of capital Small gifts out of capital Gifts on marriage Potentially Exempt Transfers As indicated earlier, most gifts made during a person’s life are not subject to tax at the time of the gift. These lifetime transfers are known as 'potentially exempt transfers' or 'PETs'. These gifts or transfers achieve their potential of becoming exempt if the taxpayer survives for more than seven years after making the gift. If the taxpayer dies within 3 years of making the gift, then the Inheritance Tax position is as if the gift was made on death. A tapered relief is available if death occurs between three and seven years after the gift is made. The rules surrounding PETs have resulted in many people wanting to make gifts long before they die. The problem in practice is that they do not want to give up control over the assets concerned. A common example is a person giving their house away but continuing to live in it rent-free. Such gifts are known as 'gifts with a reservation of benefit'. The taxman does not accept that a true gift has been made so the 'gift' remains subject to Inheritance Tax even if the taxpayer dies more than 7 years later. Over the years many schemes have been developed in an attempt to get around the rules surrounding ‘gifts with reservation’. However, the tax rules have been tightened up to make this all but impossible now. Inheritance Tax – reduced rate guidance A reduced rate of Inheritance Tax of 36% (reduced from 40%) applies where 10% or more of a deceased’s net estate after deducting IHT exemptions, reliefs and the nil rate band is left to charity. Inheritance Tax Planning Making a will Even if no Inheritance Tax is going to be due when you die it is important to write a will. If you do not do this you will die intestate and you will have no control as to who inherits your belongings. The rules of intestacy rarely operate how you might expect. They are especially unwelcome in many cases involving single people, married people with children and couples who live together but who are who are not married or in a civil partnership. Your will can also be used to arrange the transfer of your assets to keep the Inheritance Tax due on death to a minimum. Trusts A trust is an obligation that binds a trustee (which can be an individual or a company) to deal with your assets - such as land, money, shares or even antiques - for the benefit of one or more 'beneficiaries'. The trustees are the ones who make decisions about how the assets in the trust are to be managed, transferred or held back for the future use of the beneficiaries. There are three main situations when Inheritance Tax may be due on trusts:
Much Inheritance Tax planning involves the careful use of trusts – both those that may be established during your lifetime and those that are established by your will when you die. There are a number of different types of trusts. Each is subject to different tax rules such that it is important to ensure that any planning exercises create the desired type of trust so that the overall tax burden is kept to a minimum. Record keeping You should keep a record of any gifts you make and record any exemptions that you use as well as details of what you intend should be treated as regular gifts made out of surplus income. Executors or personal representatives must keep:
How we can help We would welcome the opportunity to assist you in arranging a review of your affairs to identify the prospective Inheritance Tax payable on your estate at death. We could then discuss with you the steps that you could take to reduce this liability. Some such steps could be quite straightforward. If the sums involved warrant more extensive planning and you wish to consider this we can help you here too. |